Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India

It is best to learn the works, Heart of Darkness and A overtaking to India, applying the historical and cultural conditions of the smart set in which they were produced. The relations between groups and patternes of people that imperialism sets up, and that these two works explore, starkly reveals the contradictions within capitalist economy in a way that a same piece of fiction set within one culture and dealings with characters from that culture alone cannot. Prior to the analysis however, I would like to afford a brief, pertinent explanation of the Marxist approach to the analysis of literature and of the terms I will be using. After years of determine and research, Karl Marx published the first volume of his monumental Das Kapital in 1867. In it Marx presents his theory of the materialist conception of history in which the economic base of a society gives rise to and interacts in a dialectical way with the societal superstructure of culture, law, religion and art. Among other things, Das Kapital traces the historical development of industrial capitalism as arising away of feudalism, predicts capitalisms further evolution, and sets forth theories of class structure and class struggle. It also critiques the methods by which industrial capitalism organizes the means of production so that capital and labor are separated and held by distinct and ill-sorted groups within the society. This separation overwhelmingly benefits the holders of capital, politically and economically, to the corresponding detriment of those who treat their labor. Though this is by no means an adequate summary of Marx ideas and contributions, my fill is to provide this simple theoretical framework within which to focus on more particular elements of Marxist theory. Fo... ...ieve that imperial rule, if inevitable in the miserable run, was an inglorious enterprise that deformed both those who ruled and those who submitted (153). I take that Joseph Conrad and E. M. Forster we re two such artists and that the two works in question reflected their development awareness of imperialism as an inglorious enterprise whether this was consciously expressed by the author(s) or not. This study will also attempt to tease out the ways in which each work both supports and subverts the imperial complaint and its ideology and I will also speculate to a sealed extent as to how these contradictions in the works reflected contradictions in the society in which they were written. Works CitedConrad, James. Heart of Darkness and Other Tales. Great Britain, BPC paperbacks ltd. 1990.Forster, E.M. A Passage to India. Neew York Harcourt Brace, 1984.

Whats Wrong with Black English

When I was young growing up I was teased because I was told that I spoke white. Unfortunately in my case, I taught myself to articulate the charge everyone else spoke and I regret it to this day. At the cartridge holder I felt if I spoke the aforesaid(prenominal) way everyone else did I would be accepted as everyone else. Now that I grant reached a train where speaking in adaptly is non acceptable, I have to practice speaking. Rachel L. Jones and Amy tangent both phrenetice excellent points on polar backgrounds having their own way to converse, but as well as being able to speak professionally.Amy Tan utter I was ashamed of her side of meat. I recalld that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say. My father has unceasingly made fun of the way I speak and I believe he underestimated my intelligence. Recently over spring break I had to bring through an essay for an internship I was applying for. When he read my paper he admitted to how stupefied he was at how well I wrote it. Since I dont speak correct English all the time he fictional writing was not as strong as he sawing machine it to be.From elementary school to now I have always been told you pull through the way you speak. I thumb that is not necessarily true. I notice when writing you have time to think on what you have pen and being able to proofread helps also. When conversing with mostone, there is not any time to think about the correct way to say something. I withal feel English is a point of view and there is not one perception of it. There are many ways and different accents but one accent is acceptable in the professional world.In Whats Wrong with Black English, Rachel explained that she does not agree with William Labov abduce It is the goal of most black Americans to acquire full control of the threadbare language without giving up their own culture. I would have to also disagree with Labov because I feel he is expressing that African Americans speak i ncorrectly. mickle of all races all do not speak correct English it seems as if it is a stereotype of what African Americans try to acquire.African Americans select to learn speaking incorrectly is not our culture. Our ancestors were not taught to speak correct English so it became a cycle. Now that we are allowed to receive the same education as everyone else, we need to not allow Rachel stated subtile the price that was paid for me to develop my abilities, its infuriating to hear that some young blacks politic perceive clear speech as a Caucasian trait. Many people my age today still think speaking properly means speaking as a Caucasian would.My younger sister who speaks correct English always is mad fun of. My sister is very intellectual for her age and I have always stood by her side when someone tried to make her feel bad for being smart. I refuse for my sister to do what I have done to myself. Since I am the oldest I must film her onto the correct path and I am proud of h er. Jones and Tans thought of correct English is a controversy that needs to be taken seriously.

Organizing Relationships Traditional and Emerging Perspectives on Workplace Relationships Essay

Business ethics          matchless of the unblocks that expect raised concerns in business nowadays is the relationship amidst senior employees, and the junior employees of the opposite sex. For years, senior employees such as managing directors and directors swallow been accused of internally or emotionally abusing the junior employees on the job(p) infra them. Some are regular accused of threatening to dismiss the employees who decrease their request for knowledgeable favors from them. Though this may be seen as sexual harassment, the case might be several(prenominal)thing different from that. Simply because the relationship is mingled with senior and a junior employee, it may non be skilful to rush to a conclusion that the foreman is sexually or emotionally exploiting their subject. It may be a relationship that has developed naturally due to the level of intimacy of the two employees of the opposite gender.       The controver sial nature of this issue is clearly portrayed in the mail online article of November 13th, 2013. The article explains that the musical composition of a study carried out by business week has shown that well-nigh of these relationships amongst employees have nonhing to do with harassment. During the survey, it was found out that near of the people working in the offices would be up to a sexual relationship with someone from their office if they got the chance. Of the 2500 respondents interviewed during the survey, 85 percent said it was remunerate for employees within the company to be allowed to have sexual relationships. Some even confessed of sexually admiring their coworkers. After all this, why does the Human Resource incision discourage intimate relationships between their employees of opposite gender? The answer is that they stop that one of the parties in the relationship is sexually harassed, especially if one of the parties is the chief of the some other.  &n bsp       Some people may accuse me of supporting the behavior of the bosses to engross in sexual relationships with their colleagues. But if we consider some working conditions in some organizations, we see that the relations originate absolutely from intimacy and not harassment. Consider the case of a male manager, who works with a lady as the personal secretary. It is very possible for the two to engage in an affair due to the intimacy created by the working conditions. The two name meetings together, go for lunch together, spend time together in the office, sometimes they go together to attend meetings far from their place of work, and many other closely spent times. From all these close relation, is it not against the laws of nature for something more than boss-secretary relationship to happen? Ironically, when a relationship develops between the manager and his secretary, the manager will be accused of sexually harassing the secretary In my opinion, the boss wo uld be emotionally harassing the secretary if he chose to ignore the feelings that develop by and by been together al almost all the time.         It may also be debatable that boss-subject relationships may adversely affect the mental process of the employees. Employees may be loath in their work simply because the boss, who is supposed to supervise their work, can not condemn them because of the existing bond. This may be the idea behind the bid by the human resource department against sexual relationships at the workplace. However, this may not always be the case. This relationship may boost the performance of an employee who will always be trying to be the best to inculcate the boss. The article workplace relationships on Wikipedia explain of a theory, Workplace family Quality and information Experiences, which originated from a study conducted by Patricia Sias. The theory states the most productive employees are the ones with high access to informatio n about their workplace. It is transparent that the employees with a relationship more than the ordinary workplace relationship have a higher access to business information. I may, therefore, be honest to say that the boss-subject relationships can play an important part in boosting the productivity of the employees. The article further describes relationships at the workplace as workplace hallucination. It explains that though these relationships may not make the workplace so soft for other employees it plays a very important part in the working of the parties involved in the affair. It increases performance due to high motivation and general job satisfaction.         Even though some senior employees in some business organization sexually exploit their junior colleagues, let us not mistake every relationship for sexual exploitation or harassment. It is good to appreciate that these bosses and their subjects are just ordinary people and what makes their i nequality is only the working position and titles. When there is a relationship between two junior employees of opposite gender, this is taken to be an ordinary hunch forward relationship. Why then do we have to treat the seniors differently? Arent they the same as the juniors? What marks the difference is only job level. It is, therefore, unavoidable to analyze the situation before concluding that a boss is sexually harassing a junior workmate.ReferencesSias, P. M. (2009). Organizing relationships traditional and emerging perspectives on workplace relationships. Los Angeles SAGE.(https//www.goodreads.com/ user/new?remember=true)Sias, P. M. (2008). Organizing Relationships Traditional and Emerging Perspectives on Workplace Relationships.. meter Oaks SAGE Publications. (http//www.amazon.com/Organizing-Relationships-Traditional-Perspectives-Workplace/dp/1412957974)Source document

Feinberg

Feinbergs Theory of independence and Rights The exact meaning of immunity is often misunderstood due to the umteen meanings the word has taken on. When a man was labeled free decades ago, it was to specialise if you were simply talking about his legal rights or the characteristics his status. If someone tells you promptly-a-days that they be free it now poses the problem of not knowing exactly what they atomic number 18 free from. Is the man free from debt, from his countrys government or from his sins? We will not know until more information is given to us.We honorable know he is free from something that was constraining. Feinberg draws a tie between timiditys and desires which farting him to the conclusion that freedom is unsatisfied when constrains stand in the way of our desires. When this happens, our answer is frustration, which is considered unhappiness. With that idea, having freedom would conclude that the soulfulness was considered happy. This may seem far- fetc hed but careworn up thoroughly by Feinberg. The idea of being happy when having freedom is board.We need to figure out what kind of freedom is being awarded. at that place is positive and negative freedom. But watch out, the names are misleading. ordained doesnt always mean great or pleasant in this case and negative freedom doesnt necessarily meaning stately or appalling. On top of positive and negative constraints being factors in the definition of a persons freedom, we also have to come across at the source of the constraint. It can either be external or versed meaning the source is coming from an outside source or within you.A great definition was stated in Feinbergs condition If the distinction between internal and external is to be put to political use, perhaps the simplest way of making it is by means of merely spatial criterion external constraints are those that come from outside a persons body-cum-mind, and all other constraints. (p. 13) With the idea of external and internal constraints brought into the picture, we now have a pool of constraints to choose from. Positive external, negative internal are just a few deterrent examples.Positive now means supplement or adding something on, whereas negative means taking away or escape of. An example of an internal positive constraint would be a cephalalgia whereas an external positive constraint would be a lock door. An example of an internal negative constraint would be ignorance whereas an external negative constraint would be a lack of money. Once we can see that thither are different types of constraints, there is no real reason to express of the two different types of freedom.The reason there is no longer a need to discriminate is that if nothing prevents me from doing something, I am free to do something conversely, I am free to do something then nothing prevents me from doing something. Feinbergs idea of human rights was they were sometimes understood to be ideal rights, sometimes con scientious rights and sometimes both. They are considered moral rights due to the fact that from each one person held them equally, unconditionally. He doesnt suggest the rights are moral by definition and leaves that up for argument but does admit that there is a possibility that human rights dont even exists.

Perpetual Help System Essay

1. What do you think is the function of the nictating membrane, and why ? The nictitating membrane is a protective, semi-transp bent threesome eyelid. It allows vision small-arm giving the eye extra protection. In the pillowcase of captures, the protection is needed when the catch is out of the water. The clear nictitating membrane allows the capture to keep looking for prey and looking out for herons and other hunters while its eyes ar protected from dust and from the drying effects of the expression. 2. A salientian does not chew its nutrition, what do the positions of its teeth suggest about how the salientian uses them ? That they are intended for gripping, not for chewing. The 4 teeth a toad capture has, are positioned with 2 on the sides and 2 in the center, and are locomote toward the throat. This helps keep the food going in the direction of the digestive piece of groundbut unable to back out of the mouth. 3. specify the path of food finished the digestive tract.In the frogs mouth thither is a front hinged tongue. This flips food into the gullet, which is the entrance to the esophagus. The food is moved quite a little into the stomach by muscle contraction. The stomach breaks food stamp out automatically using its multiple muscle layers. It also secretes enzymes to convert complex nutrients into simpler ones. The enzymatic breakdown continues in the small intestine where the simpler nutrients are also because absorbed. The left over material is passed on to the large intestine where water may be absorbed from the mixture. 4. Trace the path of blood through the circulatory organisation. The Deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the right atrium. Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows into the left atrium. Since frogs suck up only one ventricle, the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes in the ventricle. From there, blood flows into the truncus arteriosus that contains a spiral valve to separate and lead the blood out into the body. 5. Trace the path of air through the respiratory system.Nostrils -> Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Lungs -> Alveoli 6. Trace the path of spermatozoon in a male and ballock in a female. Male Testes produce sperm, move through sperm ducts into the cloaca. Female Ovaries produce eggs, move through oviducts into uteri, then through the coaca. 7. Trace the path of urine in both sexes.Urine is formed in the distal tubules of the nephron in the kidneys. It accumulates in the renal pelvis, then travels down the ureters to the bladder. Then it goes through the urethra to the outside.8. Which part of the frogs nervous system can be its abdominal cavity and hid legs? The Spincal cord and the muscualr system which primarily takes place in the thigh 9. Suppose in a life sentence frog the spinal anaesthesia nerve extending to the leg muscle were cut. What ability would the frog lose? Why? In any vertebrates, all coordinated reply movements and actions would be disabled from the point the nerve was injured and down. Severed spinal damage will kill the animal. 10. The abdominal cavity of a frog at the end of hibernation season would contain very fat bodies or move at all. What is the function of the fat bodies? To pertain its energy lose, from universe lack to food.11. Structures of an animals body that fit it for its environment are adaptions. How do frogs powerful legs help it to fit into a life both in water and land? On land, the frogs hind legs are what enables the frog to leap, and in the water, it uses its hind legs for swimming. world able to leap quickly on land, and to swim just a quickly is one of the frogs best defenses in avoiding predators. 12. During 1 mating of frogs, female lays some 2000 to 3000 eggs in water as the male sheds millions of sperm over them. How do these large numbers game join to the frogs fitness for life in water? Frogs are very fit for life in water reproductivel y, because the large numbers of eggs and offspring will help to ensure some individuals save to reproductive adulthood.

Biomes of the earth Essay

A Biome is all of the life zones, all plants, beasts, and other organisms, as wellspring as the physical environment in a particular argona. A biome is characterized by its plant life, which is determined by its location. For example, nitrogenern coniferous timberlands pull round in sub-arctic portions of North America and Asia, but further north, the conditions are exclusively too harsh and the season too brief for maneuvers to formulate. Instead of trees, the laconic vegetation of the tundra thrives in these areas. The same progresss with altitude, as trees give way to gip alpine vegetation in high mountainous regions.A biome is unruffled of m both ecosystems, which are smaller communities of plants and animals and their habitats, the physical parts of their environment that impinge on them. Whereas, the boundaries of a biome are determined by climate, the boundaries of ecosystems are physical features, such(prenominal) as ridges or riverbanks, which separate one com munity from another. Any effrontery place may moderate several different ecosystems that vary in size and hardness. A tropical island, for example, may stick out a fallwater forest ecosystem that covers hundreds of square miles, a mangrove swamp ecosystem along the coast, and an submerged coral reef ecosystem. No matter how the size or complexity of an ecosystem is characterized, all ecosystems exhibit a constant exchange of matter and energy between the biotic and abiotic community.The ecosystems of a particular biome tend to have plants with mistakable growth forms and animals with exchangeable feeding habits. Major biomes include tropical rain forest, northern coniferous forest, tundra, relinquish, grassland, savanna, and chaparral.The tropical rain forest is the intimately complex biome in the world. This biome is found at low elevations in the tropics where it is forever warm and wet. Rain forests are characterized by a dense tree rouseopy tree top branches and lea ves that overlap with each other, creating a shaded forest interior. These stubopies may reach up to 160 feet high. The thick canopy allows gnomish sunlight to penetrate, so rain forest floors have little cornerstone cover. The soil lacks nutrients, and approximately plants are able to store what few nutrients they can absorb. There are more species of plants in rain forests than in any other ecosystem in the world. Deep within the clutter of dense foliage, person species boast unique characteristics suited to their highly specialized existence. Middle-story plants, for example, often have large leaves to capture what little light filters through the canopy, while epiphytes have overlapping leaves that trap and store water.The northern coniferous forest, also know as the taiga in Russia, is found in a broad subarctic band across Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, Russia, and China, where the winters are long and cold. Conifers, such as spruce, larch, and fir, are the dominant pla nts, but lichens and mosses are abundant too. These forests normally occupy at a time glaciated regions and occur in association with lakes, bogs, and rivers.The tundra is the treeless plain that lies north of the northern coniferous forests and on the Antarctic Peninsula in the southern hemisphere. Trees cannot rifle in this biome because of the cold temperatures, high winds, and heavy snowfall, as well as the permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil. Plant life tends to grow low to the ground. In the summer, large numbers of birds migrate to the tundra to feed on insects. Other animals found in this area include reindeer, wolves, fox, voles, and lemmings. A similar biome, called the alpine biome, is found in high mountain areas around the world. correspondent harsh conditions cause vegetation to grow low to the ground in alpine meadows.Desert biomes are characterized by less than 10 inches of one-year precipitation and high temperatures. To combat this lack of moistur e, desert plants have authentic water-conserving features, such as leaves that are light-colored, small, thick, or waxy. Animals that live in the desert are often light-colored, blend in well with their surroundings, and are usually more active at night to avoid the blazing set off during the day.Grassland biomes are found on every continent except Antarctica, accounting system for about one quarter of the Earths land surface. typically found on flat or rolling terrain, grasslands tend to occur in the interior of continents where precipitation is lower. Periodic droughts occur in most grasslands, accompanied by searing heat that scorches most vegetation in the area. Grasslands are covered with grasses, sedges, and other low-growing, perennial plants. Drought, fire, and grazing by herbivores, such as bison and deer, restrict tree growth. Most grasslands have been extensively cultivated and are now regions where major crops of wheat, corn, and other grains are grown. Temperate natural grasslands wax in regions characterized by an annual rainfall between 10 and 30 inches.Tropical savannas are expansive grasslands dotted with trees. The worlds largest and best-known savanna is the African savanna, which covers much of the continent south of the Sahara desert. In the African savanna, herds of animals graze on the tall grass, and giraffes browse on the trees. Other tropical savannas are found in South America, India, and Australia.The chaparral biome is dominated by dense thickets of mostly small-leafed evergreen shrubs. It is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. This biome can be found in the foothills of calcium and Mediterranean climate regions. bush plants have adapted to the frequent fires that result from lightning and dry conditions. The chaparral shrublands of California, with mix communities of low-growing evergreen or deciduous shrubs, represent a distinct habitat in large parts of western North America. Some of the most well-d eveloped chaparral shrubland is found in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range mountains of California and in mountainous areas of Arizona and Utah.All of these biomes contain different animal species. However, all of these biomes have the same purpose in the world. That purpose is to nourishment and sustain life on our planet.

Transgender and Stereotypical Feminine Traits

Emily Johan countersign First Year Seminar reception Paper 4 Final Version due Monday, Nov. 12 sexual urge Roles in Transamerica Transamerica is an example of how Hollywood portrays transgender passel in film. The movie gets axial motion when Huffman who portrays Bree a conservative pre-operative transsexual woman tells her healer she discovered she had a son named toby jug. She has to bail him out of jail in order for her therapist to allow her to have her procedure done in a week. The maculation unfolds as they get to know each other driving covering to California.However, toby jug doesnt know that Bree is his father. Transamerica reinforces a number of transgender stereotypes, and portrays both master(prenominal) characters with stereotypic feminine traits. Throughout the film, Bree reinforces stereotypical transgender behavior. We see this by her taking her hormone pills every day and just trying to blend into the human race as a woman. Many heap regain that creatio n a transgender is a psychic disorder. In the opening of the movie, Bree is in a shock with her doctor to get her procedure signed off.He is evaluating her to see if she has a mental disorder. Also, Brees mom tried to commit her which led to her suicide attempt. When Joyce Murton came to colloquy to us, she said that many transgender people attempt suicide, so this was a stereotypical behavior. Also, Joyce told us that she didnt have a good relationship with her family. We as well as see this in the film. Brees mom still sees her as her son Stanley. When they went out to dinner she even had Bree pull out her chair for her which is a stereotypical male behavior.She also excitede her switch seats so Toby would be next to her. She is using Toby as her substitution son. When Bree told her she never had a son, she broke down in the restaurant. She feels as though she lost a member of her family. I think this is stereotypical for families of transgender people. Bree and Toby display stereotypically feminine traits. Bree may have been born male, but she acts exceedingly female person even her tastes in clothing and home decor argon very feminine and old-fashioned.On their drive back to California, Bree and Toby stop and camping site out for the night. When Bree goes to the bathroom, she is worried about snakes. This is a typical female trait. Also, for being a guy most of her life, she is really good at talk of the town to boys. For example, when she met Calvin she got him to buy her food and drive her to her parents house. He end up developing feelings for her. On the other hand, Tobys light-handed prettiness underscores his vulnerability, as well as his femininity. Toby acts with his sexuality.For example, when he realizes that he has become attached to Bree, he tells her, Ill marry you if you want, even though shes given no indication of any romantic or sexual interest. After the car is stolen by the hitchhiker, he deals with it by purpose a guy to do w hat he knows best. The way that Toby utilise his body to get money or to deal with his problems is a female characteristic. Most males would use their fists not their sexuality. The film Transamerica reinforces stereotypical transgender people, and portrays both Bree and Toby with stereotypical feminine traits.This film really makes you think about how people react to transgender people. Most people would turn away from them and not rent them for a job. However, Toby shows you a different outlook. Instead of being mad at Bree for being a transgender, he was mad at her for cunning to him. The other part didnt bother him. At the end of the film, he even went to Brees house and wants to get to know her better. This was inspiring because it allows people to see that a transgender person is just like everyone else, and they shouldnt feel like they have to hide who they are.

Ethics Bank Bailout

This paper explores the ethics of avow finis makers receiving grand bonuses despite the feature that they received a bailout. I identify the utile and deontological implications of these executives actions. This paper too examines if the executives deserved the bonuses, did the lingos need a bonus, and how the banks should gift been regulated by the banks.Keywords bailout, utilitarian, deontologyEthics of deposit Bailout BonusesCurrently the economy is still in The Great Recession crowingly out-of-pocket to the fallout ca utilize by banks. Banks caused this fallout by giving out kinsperson brings to unqualified borrowers.The banks approved loans they know could not be re paying(a) by the borrower because of the wrong such as adjustable rates.These abode loans started defaulting which started a domino outlet of bank failures, further driving the economy into a downward spiral. In came the brass, armed with astronomical sums of bills determined to rescue these swell ed fiscal institutions. Enrich, Hilsenrath, and Solomon (2009) state that 700 gazillion dollars of taxpayer money was used to bailout these banks chthonian the Troubled Assets embossment Program (TARP).It wasnt long after these bailouts that these banks continued to reward the executives with large bonuses. Should accommodate these top executives of these major banks that received the bailout money been allowed to receive large bonuses? I say definitely not because it was wrong under the provision of utilitarian ethics which I desire should have been applied in this situation. These executives were at the helm when these banks failed. Bonuses should be rewards for success not compensation for a title or position. If these banks had comely money to give bonuses then the misgiving of do they really need a bailout should be asked.Further much, this bailout money did not belong to the banks to give out as they pleased, it belonged to the taxpayers and the money should have been tended to(p) by stringent regulations imposed by the organization. A bonus is unremarkably given as a reward for production or as an enticement for favored behavior or performance. On Wall path a bonus is an equivocal right with no strings attached. victory or failure does not matter. Being an executive in the demesnes most powerful financial firms is justification enough to title them to a bonus. This is the methodology that these institutions follow.Executives used deontological ethics because they focused on their rights and entitlements as executives. They decided their rights to large bonuses outweighed the importance of righting the economy which affected the entire country. Meanwhile, these ar the same executives that were in charge when many Americans seclusion plans and investments were depleted or all wiped out. These were the same executives that oversaw an industry that gave out home loans with impossible repayment terms. It can be argued that the banks caused t he entire financial woes that ar still present today.Instead of the institutions terminating their executives for not stopping their organizations misdeeds they were rewarded. These bank executives drove their institutions to the brink of demise. Yet, they were still rewarded with multi-billion dollar bonuses. How could this be justified or honourable? According to Freifeld (2009), Citigroup Inc. , Merrill Lynch & Co. and seven other U. S. banks paid $32. 6 billion in bonuses in 2008 while receiving $175 billion in taxpayer funds through TARP. That means that almost 20% of the judicatures bank bail-out to these banks was used on bonuses for their institutions executives.The call into question has to be asked, Could the bank bailout have been 20% less to these banks? An even more interesting question would be, Did these banks really need the bank bail-out money? These executives took an ethical egoistic approach by accepting these bonuses. Andre and Velasquez (1989) explain that three locomote to apply utilitarianism to any situation to decide a moral move of action. The first step is to identify all the hunt of actions that are in stock(predicate) in a situation. The second step is to determine all the right and insalubrious consequences of each course of action for everyone affected by the action.Finally, the terzetto step is to select the course of action that provides the greatest benefits after the be have been taken into account. Lets apply this theory to the bank executives and their choice to receive a large bonus. First step would have them identify all their course of actions available to them, which was to take or earmark the massive bonus. Secondly, was to determine all the estimable and deadly consequences for each course of action for everyone affected by taking or refusing the bonus. Those affected by the taking or leaving the bonus include the executive, the financial institution, and the taxpayers.The beneficial consequence of taking the bonus for the executive is a very large sum of money. The benefit to the financial institution and the taxpayer is none. The harmful consequence to the executive would be obvious, which would be the loss of a tremendous amount of money. The harmful consequences for the financial institution would be loss of capital that could be used somewhere else more productive and the loss of the governments confidence. The harmful consequence of the executive taking the bonus would be an increased cipher deficit which may lead to higher taxes and loss of federal political program funding.Finally, weighing the consequences using the utilitarian theory the greatest benefit would be for the executives to refuse the bonus. The right decision for these bank executives would have been to take a utilitarian ethical approach and not accepted their bonuses. These bonuses hurt the government and the people of the United States by costing the bailout more money than inevitable and creatin g a larger deficit. Thus, the act of the executives taking their bonuses was morally unethical under the theory of utilitarian ethics because the consequences were more harmful for the great population.Instead, these executives prioritized their need and wants higher than the needs and wants of the people. Financial executives were following the ideology of deontology when they made their decision to take their multi-billion dollar bonuses. According to Alexander and Moore (2008) deontology is based from the word trading. I believe that these bank executives felt it was their duty and entitlement to take the bonus. Also deontologists believe in following the rules even though the act may be considered the right thing to do even if it produces ruffianly consequences (Alexander & Moore 2008).They were not breaking the rules or law when they took their bonuses because there were no regulations or rules against them doing so. They followed the rules and it produced the bad effec t of creating a larger than necessary bailout amount. On the other kick in however, the government made the bank bailout loan on good faith. useful ethics were applied in the decision to give out the loan because they feared the banks would ultimately fail without the money. The choice was made out of consequence. The consequence of flunk banks would be a country with an even worse economy and completely ruined financial sector.Thus, the government acted and followed utilitarianisms theory of the greatest good, for the greater amount of people. The government should have not rushed to give the money to the banks without devising stricter regulations. Restrictions were placed on some executive compensation for combat-ready banks, but did not limit salaries and bonuses (Despite Bailout 2008). If the government had placed limitations regulating extravagant bonuses this could have been avoided. Executives would have been able to follow either consequential or deontological ethics b y following these limits imposed.Instead the government through legislation did not impose sanctions against bonuses as part of TARP. By failing to do so they left the door open for banks and executives to make ethical choices on their own. I explored the utilitarian and deontology implications of the bank bailout bonuses. I found that the bank executives should not have taken the bonuses after receiving bailout money from the government by using the utilitarian theory because ultimately the consequences were more harmful than good for greater population. I excessively explained why executives should not have received the bonuses based on their and their institutions performance.I also questioned whether the bank bailout money was necessary because the banks had enough money to give out large bonuses. Also discussed was the idea of the government imposing stricter sanctions with the TARP legislation forbidding large bonuses. I also stated that the bank executives could have been et hically right under the pretension of deontology. Deontologys theories revolve around duties, rules, and obligations (Waller B. , 2008). Therefore, the bank executives felt they had the right and duty to an enormous bonus as heads of multi-billion dollar financial institutions. They also followed the rules by accepting the bonuses.

Investment Analysis-Derivatives: Options and Warrants Essay

This report will encompass brief history of common derivatives namely, plectrums and authorizations.What be Options?A contract which enables the investor to buy or cope a particular financial instrument is known as an picking ( Rao, 2003, p. 676). The underlying financial product in equity pick is trites. These contracts hold back expiry dates hence an investor suffer make alternative before its expiration. The elections goat be dod at a particular(prenominal) legal injury which is known as striking price or workout price (Rao, 2003, p. 676). Essentially options atomic result 18 of two types, confab option and put option.Call option  It is an option which allows the option holder to buy or call a specialised number of shares at a specific price, within an already contract time period (Rao, 2003, p. 677). For instance, 3 months ago, an investor purchased a 6-months call-option on 500 shares of Hewlett Packard at the strike price of $40 per share. If the curr ent market price of the post is $50, the investor has a choice to exercise the option and purchase 500 shares at $40 instead of $50. This implies that an investor would want to buy a call option if he expects the market price to rise supra the exercise price (Rao, 2003, p. 677)Put option It is an option which allows the option holder to sell or put a specific number of shares at a specific price, within an already specified time period (Rao, 2003, p. 678). This is exactly frailty versa to call option therefore an investor would purchase a put option if he expects the market price of the stock to get lower than the exercise price.Risk and Returns associated with optionsA lot of investors employ options as tools to mitigate their happen in investment, in other words, they insure their investment in stock against any fall in market price (Rao, 2003, p. 679). For e.g. an investor holding a put option has saved himself from even a one hundred pct decline in the market price of shares of ABC Company, and he croup still sell the stocks at the specified strike price. This practice is in any case known as hedging, as the name suggests the investors hedge their risk in the respective investment.However, despite its ability to hedge risks, it should never be leave out that like any other investment it has no guarantee of 100 percent return or security. An investor can risk investing immense sum in the shape of premium price of an option. For e.g. if an investors buys a call option and the price of the stock falls below the exercise price, he gets exposed to potential losses. But it is evident that the losses will be relatively lower than what actual stock holders will bear. Hence it can be verifiably be said that options are great instruments for mitigating risk, provided that an investor is able to send for the future stock price movement with much precision and exercise options at the right time in order to make profit.What are warrants?A warrant is a security issued by a community which grants the warrant holder, a right to purchase a specific number of common shares at a specified price, before the warrant expires (Mathur, 2000, p. 436). Investors exercise their warrants when they buy shares directly (trading between the broker and the investor), or trade oer the counter. Warrant holders have no claim on dividends and no ballot rights. Warrants also are issued with bonds and preferred stocks.  Moreover, warrants with bonds can be traded separately in the market as well (Mathur, 2000, p. 437).Characteristics of WarrantsThere are three main(prenominal) characteristics of warrants which are as follows,1.      Expiration date Investors can exercise their option of converting the warrants into shares any time before the warrant expires (Mathur, 2000, p. 437). Generally the life of a warrant is 5-10 years. Hence, during this time, the warrant holder can easily exercise the warrant as per the need and opportunity.2.       Premium price The price that warrant holders determine to pay for buying shares in future, is known as exercise or premium price Mathur, 2000, p. 437). This price is generally 10% to 30% in a higher place the prevailing market price of the shares. For e.g. if the market price of Microsoft Corporation is $80, wherefore the warrant issued can be set at $96 (20% above the market price). Therefore, if the stock price rises, the warrant holder can both exercise the warrant to buy shares or sell the warrant in market. However, if the current market price of the stock becomes equal to or slight than the exercise price, the value of the warrant becomes zero (Mathur, 2000, p. 438).3.      Exposure to investor Warrants are of all time issued by with provisions which clearly specify the number of shares that can be bought with a single warrant (Mathur, 2000, p. 438).

Ethical and Legal Issues in nursing Essay

The nurse regulatory body, the Nursing and Midwifery Council requires totally registered nurses to have an understanding of the ripe and effective beliefs which underpin all aspects of nursing pr moldice(NMC,2010). A comprehensive understanding of current legal and honourable frameworks facilitates the tar of entrance skil lead nursing c ar. The purpose of this assignment go forth be to critically discuss an gaucherie of tutelage encountered whilst on clinical placement. The episode of care involves the secret administration of music to an elderly diligent. The determination to undergroundly manage the music impart be critically surveyed in this assignment. The Gibbs(1988) chiding personate will be functiond to guide the discussion. The discussion will in any(prenominal) case affect the legal, good and skipper issues surrounding masked medicinal drug.In the mental wellness sector, medication non-adherence remains a serious health-care line with far- r severallying ramifications for endurings, their relatives and health-care professionals. Harris et al. (2008) put that between 40 and 60% of mental health affected roles neglect to adhere to their medication word political program. This soma increased to 50 and 70% for elderly perseverings with dementia, and between 75 to 85% among patients with schizophrenia and bi-polar dis points. In such(prenominal) cases, where the patients well being is at risk and the handling is internal, health-care professionals may resort to disguising medications in intellectual nourishment and drink. The medication is crushed or liquefied and mixed with nourishmentstuff. This dress of concealment is called subterranean medication(NMC,2008). By unrevealedly administering medication, the patient consumes a drug with bulge out the required informed betroth over. The Gibbs(1988) reflection model has been chosen for the purpose of this assignment as it allows the author to reflect and vie w musical arrangementatically about the episode of care. The initial peak of Gibbs reflective beat is Description in which the author is required to describe the events which occurred.In order to succeed with the NMC(2010) code of conduct and guidelines on patient confidentiality, the patient will be called Mr baby-walker. Mr perambulator, an 80-year-old go recitationr was temporary placed at the breaking care home. Mr Walker had severe dementia, and was ineffectual to communicate effectively. He a great deal resisted all inbred nursing care. Mr Walkers medical exam record also included hypertension and angina. He was prescribed blood wring medication (enapril tablets) to stabilise his blood pressure and to reduce the risk of virgule and heart attacks. He was also prescribed diuretics and medication to prevent except angina attacks. Mr Walker frequently refused to take his medication spitting out the tablets and ref victimisation to swallow. The nurse in charge, concerned about the deterioration of Mr Walkers health, pick outed the option to subterraneously administer his medication. The MDT held a meeting and reached the conclusiveness to undercoverly administer Mr Walkers medication. The second stage of the Gibbs reflective rung is Feelings, requiring the author to briefly discuss her reactions and feelings. The author felt the determination to covertly administer medication was morally ameliorate and goodly allowable. The author refers to the deontology estimable theory to support her thoughts and feelings.The NMC code of conduct considered by Beckwith and Franklin(2011) as a model of rule deontology states that all health-care professionals should safeguard and promote the absorbs and well-being of patients. The act of covertly administering medication could therefore be deemed morally correct. The practiti geniusrs intended on acting in the outflank interest of Mr Walker ir regardive of the consequences of their actions (br eaching patient familiarity). Their actions promoted and safeguarded Mr Walkers health and well-being. Husted (2008) argues that from a deontological point of view, violating an individuals autonomy is close totimes necessary to promote the individuals scoop out interest. In this case it could therefore be estimablely permissible to covertly administer medication without Mr Walkers consent. The medication is subjective and promotes Mr Walkers long-term autonomy and safeguards his health and well-being. Similarly, the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence could be used to justify the use of covert-medication (Wheeler 2008).The principle of beneficence is an ethical principle derived from the duty to provide benefits and to consider the benefits of an action against the risk. According to Masters(2005), health-care practitioners have a professional duty and an ethical obligation to carry out verifying actions with the aim of safeguarding their patients health and well-being. With this notion in mind, covert medication could be morally reassert if it safeguards the  eudaimonia of the patient. In this case, the discontinuation of medication would have had a detrimental effect on Mr Walker. therefrom administering the medication covertly was in accordance with the principle of beneficence. In this case, one could also argue that the medication was real acting as an autonomy restoring agent (Wong et al,2005). Mr Walkers autonomy was restored in that he was alleviated of severe pain. The medication also worked by improving his quality of life. some(prenominal) studies on the chemical and physical restraint of aggressive dementia patients also a lot show a preference to covert medication (Treolar et al,2001). unseeable medication is often considered the least restrictive and inhumane way of administering medication when considering alternatives like physical and technical restraint to administer medication by force (Engedal,2005). Such alternatives to covert medication are unsafe and stub have long lasting negative psychological do on the patient (Wong et al, 2005).However, covert medication is not without its shortcomings. The aggroup was deceiving Mr Walker, an already confused, haplessly, frail, attenuate and vulnerable individual. In the Dickens et al(2007) subject area, many patients expressed this view of covert-medication as an act of deception. They considered covert medication as an extremely coercive apply violating their personal rights. This resultantly damaged the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship and patients felt they were no longitudinal in a safe, therapeutic environment. The nursing ethical principle of non-maleficence is in like manner relevant to this discussion. It requires practitioners to safeguard their patients welfare by not inflicting pain or harm (Koch et al,2010). This exigency poses serious ethical dilemmas. It is difficult to wield this ethical standard as all forms o f medical intervention entail some element of harm. Koch et al,(2010) suggest that peradventure for the harm posed to be ethically permissible it should be proportional to the benefits of the medical preaching. The author indeed feels that covert medication in Mr Walkers case could be ethically warrant under these ethical principles.The author will now focus on the Analysis stage of Gibbs reflection model. Here, the author will critically read the events which occurred including the decision making process and the decision itself. The author will for the initial time discuss the issue of consent in relation to covert medication. The covert administration of medication is indeed a complex issue. It derives from the essential principles of consent and patient autonomy which are deeply rooted in the UK statute, normal law and the Human right hands sour 1998 (Lawson and Peate,2009). The UK law light-coloredly considers bodily honor a fundamental human right a mentally f itting adult has the right to refuse medical sermon regardless of how essential the treatment is to their health and well being (Kilpi, 2000).The freedom of choice which is strengthened by the ethical principle of respect for autonomy is an cardinal right. The NMC(2008) march on highlights in the Code that it is the nurses professional, legal and ethical duty to respect and uphold the decision made by the patient. If a nurse administers covert medication to a mentally competent individual, the nurse will be acting unethically (disregarding autonomy) and in breach of the law which could constitute grounds for trespass, round off or battery (NICE,2014), as shown in the cases R v SS 2005 and R v Ashworth Hospital 2003. Thus practitioners have a professional, legal and ethical duty to respect the autonomous wishes of each patient.In Mr Walkers case an MDT meeting was held prior to the covert administration of medication to consider Mr Walkers lack of consent and his mental might t o consent. The MDT consisted of the command practitioner, psychiatrist, junior house officer, nurse-in-charge, home-manager, occupational-therapist, physio-therapist, speech and language therapist, pill pusher, dementia nurse specialist, disciple nurse, and two relatives. By holding an MDT meeting, the practitioners were acting in accordance with local policies and guidelines. The NICE(2014) guidelines state that health-care practitioners have a legal duty to investigate and take into account the patients wishes, as well as the views of their relatives, carers and new(prenominal) practitioners involved in the patients care. By reflecting with the relevant parties, the decision made will be, based on what the person would have wanted, not necessarily what is beat out for their physical or mental health(Latha,2010). Latha thus argues that decisions based on the patients wishes show some respect for the patients autonomy and are much more ethical than isolated decisions to cove rtly administer medication.As such, a failure to consult the relevant parties may constitute a breach of legal, professional and ethical duty as shown in the Gillick v West Norfolk Health case (Nixon,2013). However, the Dickens et al, (2007) study shows that nurses frequently administer covert medication without any prior discussion with the MDT, relatives or even the pharmacist. Such practice has led to some nurses being disciplined and charged with various offences (Wong et al,2005). Under UK law, covert medication could be legally justified and considered ethical if the patient is admitted to the hospital under the Mental Health Act (1982). It could also be justified if it is shown that the patient lacks capableness under the Mental readiness Act(2005). The MCA(2005) introduced the 2 stage capacity test. This 2 stage-capacity-test was used by the MDT in Mr Walkers case. The MCA test required the MDT to consider whether Mr Walkers cognitive declension rendered him mentally incompetent to make treatment decisions. The doc used the MacArthur competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T) and the Mini-Mental Status Examination lance (MMSE) to assess Mr Walkers cognitive function and his capacity to consent.The MacCAT-T interview tool was used to assess Mr Walkers ability to (1) understand his medical condition and the benefits/ risks of the medical treatment (2) his ability to appreciate this reading (3) his debate ability and (4) his ability to communicate and express his decision. The results showed Mr Walker as mentally incompetent and lacking the capacity to consent. Mr Walker was (1) unable to understand the information stipulation to him regarding his treatment (2) he was unable to retain or beseech up the information given to reach a decision (3) he was unable to communicate his decision effectively even when encouraged to use non-verbal communication such as blinking or squeezing a hand. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) tool was also used by the atomic number 101 to assess Mr Walkers cognitive function. Mr Walker following the perspicacity scored a low score of 12 on the MMSE. The MDT provided further clinical evidence (screening tools, clinical data, memory tests, medical imaging results).There were some disadvantages associated with using the MacCAT-T assessment tool. The MacCAT-T tool itself does not give cut off score to clearly ascertain the boundary between capacity and incapacity.This is certainly a limitation. As shown in the Palmer et.al. (2002) study, this put forward lead to some patients with low make headway being wrongly assessed as lacking capacity. The MacCAT-T tool also fails to fuck the emotional aspects of decision making (Stoppe, 2008). It assumes that people only rely on a rational, analytic, rule-based thought process to make decisions. Breden and Vollman (2004) thus argue that, the limit to only logical rationality runs the risk of neglecting the patients normative ori entation. Other factors including situational anxiety, severity of the medical condition, medication could also affect on a persons ability to articulate their decision making process. Furthermore, assessment tools like the MacCAT-T tool, coarsely depend on the clinicians ability to carry out a clinical interview with the patient. It requires the physician to make an isolated evaluation and decision. Isolated judgements and evaluations can be unreliable as they can be influenced by factors such as internal impressions, professional experience, personal values, beliefs and even ageism as shown in the Marson et.al. falsifiable study (Sturman,2005). In the study only 56% of physicians who participated in the capacity assessment of patients were able to agree on a capacity judgement. umpteen physicians found that they were unable to agree due to differences in medical experience, personal beliefs and subjective impressions. Such empirical evidence certainly questions the reliabilit y of capacity assessment tools. Following on, effective communication skills were essential at this first stage of the capacity assessment as the team was required to consider whether Mr Walker was likely to recover capacity. Effective communication is certainly consequential in such MDT settings as, effective communication, which is timely, accurate, complete, unambiguous, and understood by the recipient, reduces errors and results in ameliorate patient safety (Bretl,2008). Several studies have shown ineffective communication as a contributing factor in medical error cases (Rothschild, 2009). done effective communication, each member of Mr Walkers MD team understood the discussion at hand and was thus able to conduce new suggestions and solutions. The team implemented communication skills such as negotiation, audience and goal setting skills.The MDT with input from Mr Walkers relatives concluded that a trounce interest decision would have to be made on Mr Walkers behalf. The general practitioner made it clear that the best interest decision would have to comply with the UK legal framework.The European meeting of Human Rights (ECHR) requires the medical treatment given to be respectful to the patient (Pritchard, 2009). In discussing Mr Walkers case, it was firstly established (during the medication suss out), that the treatment in question had both therapeutic necessity and therapeutic effects for the patient. The MDT when making a best interest decision also considered the risks and benefits of treatment in accordance with the ECHR requirements. The ECHR states that the medical treatment should not be given in a sadistic, inhumane or degrading manner (Human Right Review,2012). Similarly, the NICE(2014) guideline states that the harm that would be caused by not administering the medication covertly, mustiness be greater than the harm that would be caused by administering the medication covertly. This requirement was satisfied by the practitioners in Mr Walkers case. An in-depth risks and benefits assessment was carried out. The pharmacists input was essential at this stage. The pharmacist presented an evidence-based argument discussing the essential medication with medical necessity.The pharmacist also provided guidance on the just about appropriate form of administration for example he suggested prescribing enapril in its melted form (enaped). The pharmacist also provided guidance on the close to appropriate order of administration for example not mixing the medication with boastful portions of food or liquid. Following this discussion with the pharmacist, a best interest decision was made to covertly administer Mr Walkers medication. It was important for the MDT to consult with the pharmacist. The method of crushing, smashing tablets or opening capsules which is a usually used when covertly administering medication is an unlicensed form of administration (NMC, 2008). It can inflict harm by altering the therapeutic pr operties which can cause adverse reactions and fatalities. When using this unlicensed method of administration, the practitioner is also unable to establish whether the patient has received the prescribed amount. If the patient is not receiving the correct dosage required for his treatment, the treatment is ineffective (Wong et al,2005).The pharmacist should therefore be consulted with. However, as demonstrated by the McDonald et al,(2004) study pharmacists are rarely consulted with. In the study, 60% of nurses working in UK care homes admitted to crushing tablets on each drug round to help patients with swallowing difficulties without firstly consulting with a pharmacist. Fortunately, in Mr Walkers case, the pharmacist was able to provide guidance on the most appropriate method of administration. Following on, in such cases where the patient is  turn out to lack capacity to consent to medical treatment, the Mental Capacity Act promotes the use of best interest decisions. In Mr Walkers case, the MDT reached a best interest decision to covertly administer his medication. However, there are some problems associated with the practice of relying on best interest decisions. Baldwin and Hughes (2006), highlight the legion(predicate) problems associated with making best interest decisions. In their empirical study, Baldwin and Hughes found that practitioners and relatives often evaluate a patients quality of life differently. The results showed the poor performance of relatives and practitioners at predicting patients medical treatment preferences. Differences in cultural backgrounds, professional experiences, values and beliefs mean that decisions made may actually go against what the patient would have wanted.The failure to consider the patients values and believes was found to be a common occurrence in the Dickens et al,(2007) study. In this study, 18% of the nursing staff interviewed admitted that they would be willing to covertly administer medication to ev en those patients with capacity to consent, regardless of their values and beliefs, if the treatment was essential for their well-being. The legal framework in the UK was indeed established with the aim of safeguarding the welfare of the incapacitated person. However, with such results, it remains unclear the extent to which health-care professionals are actually adhering to the legal requirements. The Mental Health Foundation(2012) argues that the MCA, needs revising to enable more effective best interests decisions by health and social care staff. In its investigation, the Mental Health foundation found that although a large number of health-care staff found the MCA to be an effective tool in match the ethical principle of autonomy and safeguarding patients lacking capacity, 63% of health-care practitioners felt the definition of mental capacity was not made clear, with many expressing the view that the legal framework does not encompass the complexity of capacity assessments in practice (MHF, 2012).The Griffith (2008) study and the Roy et al. (2011) further found that due to this lack of understanding, a large number of mental-health patients were wrongly assessed as lacking capacity, depriving them of their personal rights. These results suggest that health-care professionals perhaps require further training and education about the legality and practicalities of covert medication. When used without the correct legal safeguards in place, covert medication doubtlessly becomes an extremely paternalistic unlawful and unethical practice. Following the anonymous best interest decision to covertly administer Mr Walkers medication. The decision making process was clearly documented the mental capacity assessment, the best interest decision, method of administration (stating explicitly that the least restrictive method will be used) were all documented in Mr Walkers care-plan and medication-chart. Accurate documentation and record keeping is essential as it sa feguards service users human rights and ensures that health care professionals follow the legal framework as well as local policies and guidelines.Article 6 of the HRA, right to a fair and public hearing, also requires clinical records to be comprehensible, clear and concise so that they can be referred to if needed in a fair and public hearing. Following the MDT meeting, Mr Walkers care plan was frequently discussed and reviewed by the MDT in monthly formal review meetings in compliance with local policies and guidelines. NICE (2013) guidelines state that it is important to frequently review covert medication decisions. Each individual is different and an individuals mental state and capacity can change over time. By carrying out the monthly formal review meetings, the practitioners safeguard their clients rights by ensuring that covert medication is still the most appropriate, lawful and ethical method of administration.In conclusion, the nurses of today certainly practice in a co mplex health care system. It is thus essential for nurses to have a good understanding of the ethical principles which underpin good nursing practice. In the nursing literature, nurses are often described as the moral agents of the health-care system (Sellman,2011). This means that nurses should value ethical reasoning acting in such a way which balances good intentions against risk and the best outcome. Through good ethical reasoning nurses are able to promote patient comfort, patients safety, ease suffering, and promote patient welfare to enhance recovery. The covert administration of medication should therefore not be an isolated decision, it should comply with the legislation, ethical principles, local policies and guidelines.BibliographyThe National Institute for Clinical Excellence, (2014). Managing care fors incare homes. online NICE. acquirable at http//www.nice.org.uk/media/B5F/28/ManagingMedicinesInCareHomesFullGuideline.pdf Accessed 17 Apr. 2014. Beckwith, S. and Frankl in, P. (2011). Oxford handbook of prescribing for nurses and allied health professionals. maiden ed. Oxford Oxford University Press. Breden, T. and Vollmann, J. (2004). The cognitive based approach of capacity assessment in psychiatry A philosophical critique of the MacCAT-T. Health Care Analysis, 12(4), pp.273283. Bretl, A. (2008). patient role safety rounds. 1st ed. Oak Brook, Ill. Joint Commission on Accreditation of healthcare Organizations. Nursing and Midwifery Council, (2010). The Code. online NMC. Available at http//www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Standards/nmcTheCodeStandardsofConductPerformanceAndEthicsForNursesAnd- Midwives_LargePrintVersion.PDF Accessed 16 Apr. 2014.Dickens, G., Stubbs, J. and Haw, C. (2007). Administering medication to senior(a) mental health patients. Nursing times, 103(15), pp.30-31.Engedal, K. and Kirkevold, O (2005). Concealment of drugs in food and beverages in nursing homes cross sectional study. BMJ, 330(7481), p.20.Equality Human Rights (2012). Arti cle 3 Freedom from torture and inhumane and degrading treatment or punishment. online Available at http//www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/humanrights/hrr_article_3.pdf Accessed 12 Apr. 2014. Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing. 1st ed. London FEU. Griffith, R. and Tengnah, C. (2008). Mental Capacity Act 2005 assessing decision-making capacity 2. British journal of community nursing, 13(6), pp.284-293.Harris, N., Baker, J. and Gray, R. (2009). Medicines management in mental health care. 1st ed. Chichester, U.K. Wiley-Blackwell. Hughes, J. and Baldwin, C. (2006). Ethical issues in dementia care. 1st ed. London Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Husted, J. and Husted, G. (2008). Ethical decision making in nursing and health care. 1st ed. New York Springer Pub. Co.Koch, S., Gloth, F. and Nay, R. (2010). Medication management in one-time(a) adults. 1st ed. Totowa, N.J. Humana. Latha, K. (2010). The noncompliant patient in psychiatry The case for and against covert/surreptitious medi cation. Mens sana monographs, 8(1), p.96. Lawson, L. and Peate, I. (2009). Essential nursing care. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK Wiley-Blackwell. Leino-Kilpi, H. (2000). Patientsautonomy, privacy, and informed consent. 1st ed. Amsterdam IOS Press. Macdonald, A., Roberts, A. and Carpenter, I. (2004). De facto imprisonment and covert medication use in general nursing homes for older people in south-central East England. Ageing clinical and experimental question,16(4), pp.326-330. Masters, K. (2005). Role development in professional nursing practice. 1st ed. Sudbury, Mass. Jones and Bartlett. Mental Health Foundation, MCA Code of shape needs revising to enable more effective best interests decisions to be made. (2012). MHF News Archieve, online p.1. Available at http//www.mentalhealth.org.uk/our-news/news-archive/2012/12-01-31/ Accessed 12 May. 2014. Nixon, V. (2013). Professional practice in paramedic, emergency and urgent care. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex Wiley-Blackwell . NMC, (2008). Standards for medicines management. online Available at http//www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/NMC-Publications/NMC-Standards-for-medicines-management.pdf Accessed 16 Apr. 2014. Palmer, B., Nayak, G., Dunn, L., Appelbaum, P. and Jeste, D. (2002). Treatment-related decision-making capacity in middle-aged and older patients with psychosis a preliminary study using the MacCAT-T and HCAT.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry, 10(2), pp.207-211. Pritchard, J. (2009). Good practice in the law and safeguarding adults. 1st ed. London Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Rothschild, A. (2009). Clinical manual for diagnosis and treatment of psychotic depression. 1st ed. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Pub. Roy, A., Jain, S., Roy, A., Ward, F., Richings, C., Martin, M. and Roy, M. (2011). Improving save of capacity to consent and explanation of medication side effects in a psychiatric service for people with learning disability scrutinise findings. Journal of Intellectual Disabilit ies, 15(2), pp.85-92.Sellman, D. (2011). What makes a good nurse. 1st ed. London Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Stoppe, G. (2008). competence assessment in dementia. 1st ed. Wien Springer. Sturman, E. (2005). The capacity to consent to treatment and research a review of standardized assessment tools. Clinical psychology review, 25(7), pp.954-974. Treloar, A., Beats, B. and Philpot, M. (2000). A pill in the sandwich covert medication in food and drink.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 93(8), pp.408-411. Treloar, A., Beats, B. and Philpot, M. (2000). A pill in the sandwich covert medication in food and drink.Journal of the Royal Society ofMedicine, 93(8), pp.408-411. Wheeler, K. (2008). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse. 1st ed. St. Louis, Mo. Mosby Elsevier. Wong, J., Poon, Y. and Hui, E. (2005). I can put the medicine in his soup, Doctor. Journal of medical ethics,31(5), pp.262-265.

Nixon’s Checker’s Speech

The checkers Speech It was the midst of the 1952 presidential campaign when the immature York billets brand-newspaper story came out accusing Senator Richard Nixon of having a secret policy-making fund. This accu sit downion caused Nixon to face the reality of virtually world dropped as the presidential candidate of Dwight D. Eisenhowers running mate. On phratry 23, 1952, Nixon sat down to address one of the largest television audiences in policy-making history until Nixons 1960 debate with John F. Kennedy.While millions of Americans tuned into prime-time television, they sat and watched Senator Richard Nixon defend himself by delivering his influential and famous speech, which is known as his Checkers Speech. From the beginning of time, as seen in all political campaigns, the fight to come finished over the American public is mainly shown through these persuasive political speeches. In this particular speech, Nixon uses the art of rhetoric to persuade, manipulate, and gai n the trust of his audience. By using the empowerment of the new medium of television, he uses this political appliance to manipulate.He bares his heart out through his words, and ease offs himself credibility by portraying himself as an honest, family man with good character. These key elements of a rhetor such as gaining the audiences approval by their persona, tone, and structure in which they deliver their thesis. All of these are heavy for a political speaker, so it enables them to overpower the numerous accusations that come on with the campaigning. Richard Nixon was a former Navy marine, which then led him to win a seat in the House of Repre directatives.Two years later he became a member of the House Committee, and investigated an espionage case, which turned him into a national figure as well as a controversial one. After two monetary value he was elected into the U. S. Senate. The young Richard Nixon had only six years of a political background when Dwight D. Eisenhow er nominated him as his running mate in the 1952 election. With the rise of Nixons political career, it came to a halt when the New York Posts headline say, Secret Rich Mens corporate trust Fund Keeps Nixon in Style Far Beyond His Salary. Having relatively no political experience, he showed his virtuous qualities through this speech, knowing that had his future on the line.Richard Nixon was accused of accepting secret funds for his election campaign, but he cleared himself of these accusations and changed his audiences point of view through this speech. He used a brilliant political maneuver to directly address the public via the new medium of television. He began with stating, I feel that the people consecrate got to have confidence in the integrity of the men who run for that office and who usheriness obtain it. After this, he structures his speech through persuasion to give explicit reasons examples as to how he is the one that the people should be convinced(p) in. Charged w ith accepting $18,000 from a group of his supporters, he confidently stated that he did not take one cent of it. He went into fact about the lack of funds he used, his earnings throughout the years, and how his wife was a main contributor to his campaign. He brings in the opposition of his opponent, how he puts his wife on the pay roll with his power, which is a gain in income for him and his campaigning.By doing this, Nixon clears the competition by having the He recited the audit that was taken on him through Gibson, Dunn, & Crutcher, one of the biggest law firms in Los Angeles. It concludes that Nixon did not obtain all financial gain from the collection and disbursement of the fund by Dana Smith. He gains his credibility by his hard and honest efforts throughout his life to constitute him where he is today. By the end of the message he informs the people that he did in fact accept a gift during the electionCheckers, their foil spaniel dog.He explains how a Texas man hear d his wife on the radio note how their two children wanted a dog, and the next day he sent them a little cocker spaniel. Nixon explained how it is the one and only gift that he would keep for the sake of his children. Through this, it touched the hearts of Americans, giving him the visualise of a family man. After all of his truthful evidence, he submits the decision to the republican National Committee whether his position on the ticket will suspensor or hurt.With this influential speech, he changed the points of views of millions, and protected his name on the ballot, which potentially helped Eisenhower to win. The Checkers Speech is a widely known for its positively disputatious structure against the accusations of the press. He takes into account that being a politician it comes on with the rumors and scandals. He wanted to clearly state that these charges are an honest mistake and he pleads to tell entire truth of his funds.Embedded in an extensive and difficult listing of his personal finances, he closes by announcing that he did receive a gift and intended on keeping itthe dog. This is the point that caught the attention of millions and saved his political career, as well as possibly saving Dwight D. Eisenhowers. Having read this speech, I would like to go into further research on wherefore this speech was so persuasive. I would like to research the kind of address Nixon used, and if this speech wasnt publicly televised, if it would have had a greater impact. Which of the theory-based lenses did he use?

Snowball Speech

Here I am, Comrades, stand in depend of you on this fine Sun solar twenty-four hour period morning be and disentangleed age you be on the whole tired and worn out. And why is that, Comrades? Its because you race Monday all the way by dint of Saturday from dawn to dusk doing miser fitting, laborious, and big(a) bleed. But the pigs, oh the pigs, they dont movement. They sit around and watch you and certify you what to do, but they never work. In fact, they dont do whatsoeverthing get out boss us all around and tell us lies close what they are actually doing. Remember the 7 commandments? The one that says we are all speculate to be equal?Well right now, that isnt accident because sleep and the other pigs are bettering their education, verbalize you lies so you give debate anything they say, they cast off level stopped letting you help make decisions about the make. Does that seem like equality to you? I apologize for being a part of that once. I shoot seen t he error in my ways and I am here to make it up to you, with the windmill. If we fix the windmill, you depart find to work only 3 days a hebdomad, perhaps even less, and the work you do forget be the easiest work you can imagine.The end of the time you can spend reposeful or improving your education. With the windmill, the maturate allow for be industrialized, meaning we will be fitting to have machines that can do most of the work for us. You will be commensurate to have warmth and weakly in the stable all year round. This will take near time to build, Comrades, maybe a year, maybe two. But believe me, an industrialized farm, electricity and warmth for the stalls, and only 3 days of work and time to improve your education is worth it. Do you like all the rocky work you do each day, Comrades? be you tired of being tired at the end of each day? I know I would be. Its not fair to you to work day after day from dawn to dusk doing all the wearisome work that you do. Bu t, if we build the windmill we can bring electricity to the farm and build machines to do all the work for us. We can have a circular saw, chaff-cutter, mangel slicer, electric milking machine, threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, reapers, binders Anything we can think of, Comrades With all this, we would work a lot less and what little work we actually do will be extremely less tedious.We will be able to relax during the day, while all the machines even more work in one day then we will be able to do in one month. And to power all these machines, we will use electricity generated from the windmill. Another thing we can do with the electricity is put lights in the stalls and put heaters in the stalls to make them warm in the winter. This is something that Napoleon has because he is living in Mr. Jones house. If we really are supposed to be equal, why cant we all have light and heat?The light in the stalls will help us be able to see better when it is dark outside or just t o have on to make allthing brighter. Having the heat in the stalls will make it warmer during the winter time so that we wont freeze and so we can stay healthy. I set about you, during the winter Napoleon will stay up in the prospering house of Mr. Jones and make us still do all the work and then leave us to sleep in the cold at night. But if we build the windmill, then we can stay warm during the day and night and not have to leave the barn as much.And while you are staying warm in the barn during winter, you can be relaxing and improving your education. And you dont just have to do it in the winter. With the windmill, we will only have 3 days maximum that we will bespeak to work. On our days off, Comrades, you will be able to relax and learn more as well. This is one of the reasons Napoleon doesnt hope the windmill because he doesnt want you to become smarter. He doesnt want you to be able to figure what hes telling you isnt true and he doesnt want you to be able to stand up to him.But if you use your extra time to learn, then you will be able to stand up to Napoleon and see through all of his lies. So here I am, Comrades, standing in front of you on this fine Sunday morning rested and relaxed while you are all tired and worn out. I have told you why we need to build the windmill, why we will have to work really hard in order to build it, why we will all be thankful once it is built. We will no longer have to do doing miserable, laborious, and backbreaking work from dawn to dusk every day because you will have machines to do the work for us.We will no longer have to deal with dark and cold stalls while the other pigs are living in the lap of luxury because the electricity from the windmill will give us lights and heaters. We will no longer have any time to rest because with only 3 days a week that we have to work we can relax. And we will no longer go uneducated because we will be able to improve our knowledge. As you know, Napoleon doesnt want this bec ause he wants to be able to control every aspect of our lives. I stand here telling you to go against his wishes and build the windmill so that we will be able to have some power on this farm.

Martyn Pig Quotes Essay

Something I wear offt know what it was. It wasnt real. Its strange, the lack of emotion, the absence of romp in reality. When things happen in real life, extraordinary things, theres no music, theres no dah-dah-daaahhs. Theres no close-ups. No dramatic camera angles. Nothing happens. Nothing stops, the rest of the orbit goes on. Reality. When you gradually come to realise that all that stuff in books, films, television, magazines, newspapers, comics its all rubbish. Its got nothing to do with anything. Its all do up. It doesnt happen like that. Its not real.It means nothing. righteousness Badness is a relative thing Death/Tradgey/Sadness I pulled the trigger, the pistol spat, and the sparrow fell. Just like that. I stared in Disbelief. Id killed it. Stopped its life. Shot it dead. (pg 150) Short statements separated by commas describing the fulfil of killing the sparrow (incites imagery in readers mind, enables them to vividly imagine the scene) deck the simplicity of ki lling and how easy it is to murder. Indicates that Martyn isnt really a negative person, there was no hatred or revengefulness behind the deed, he was rightful(prenominal) curious.Short, consise decrys highlight his disbelief. I can still here the sound of it now. That unsavory crack of bone on stone. I knew he was dead. Instantly. I knew. The create verbally of bone and stone emphasise the impact of William Pigs body as it falter the fireplace, but also emphasise the impact that his death would have on the rest of Martyns life. The short sentences illustrate Martyns instant tone of shock that engulfed his body, so much so that he couldnt imbibe together long coherent sentences and could only manage small outbursts during his brains realisation of the terrible thing that had just happened and how his world is now changed forever.I scorned him. I hated every inch of him. From his broken-veined, red-nosed face to his dirty, stinking feet. I hated his beery guts. solely I n ever meant to kill him. Pg 24 hoping I could get away with pretending that he was ill in bed, asleep. Not dead, just asleep. I had no choice. Do you understand ? I had no choice. Alcoholism He looked like what he was a drunk. Pg 10 Short and simple, no beating around the bush.Martyn has given up denying the terrible state is father is in, it is clear that he accepted long ago hi father has a serious alcohol problem. The sincerity of the sentence infers Martyns resentment and hatred towards his dads self-imposed waterspout condition. But with me, he was a drunk with responsibilities, a drunk with fry benefit, a drunk with someone to clear up the sick. Pg 11 But highlight two alternate realities and how varied Billy Pigs life would be without Martyn, showing the positive impact that Martyn has had on his life. humourous because William Pig had a very negative impact (relative to readers opinion) on Martyns life. Alcohol. It sucks the life out of a face and replaces it with its own dumb affect of inanity. Its up to you. If you want to lose yourself, have a drink. talking directly to the reader engaging them in the story and emphasises how badly his dad alcoholism impacted his life, and strongly warns the readers against it. Loneliness/Isolation A bang-up swirling mess of sound searing its way into my head Martyns mind is different he is isolated from the outside world.

Do You Think Mankind Is Born Evil or Good?

Do you see that universe is born groovy or evil? I believe that mankind atomic number 18 born to be good, exclusively to be taught good or evil as they generate up. It depends on how their life was or how their p arnts taught and treated them. There is no such as thing organism born evil only being born innocent. When people are born into this world, they are born innocent and new. Innocence, to me can be seen as good. They are babies, cognize nothing, not even evil . Then they beget and learn and begin to hypothesize about behavior.The things they are taught as they are young, and the people they know do much to shape their personalities and awareness. People create aware of what is good or bad partially through assure and mistakes in early stages of childhood development, partly through what they are taught, and partly through their own conscience telling them. If you think back to the initial punishment you remember having, do remember why it happened? Do you think wh at you did was evil? Evil has to do with the heart and mind choices we make in thought and in deed.I believe that we are all born innocent, but are able of giving in to evil, especially in short moments. Those who continue rubbish against that evil, no matter how hard it may be or how many times we may fail, are still fighting the good fight. As I have expressed through my paper, mankind is not born evil, but they are born innocent. Not knowing a thing, good or evil. Evil grows in you as you grow up and make mistakes in your childhood. Trying to fight the bad and attempting to be good is innocent. Most bad or evil choices are do by your conscience. So Mankind is not born evil, but good.

Three Miles North Of Marianna

Three miles north of Marina, Florida Caverns State parking argona offers more outdoor recreational opportunities than any different place I know of in Florida. What other spot do you know that has hiking, biking, camping, picnicking, horseback riding, cannoning, kayaking on rapids, boating, fishing birdwatchers, golfing, jump hunting, and, of course, spelunking? It is the core outs that give the state park its name. Created during the drop-off as a ICC project, the 1,300-acre park is honeycombed with caves large and small.This urn-Florida- like geological feature is the result of Florists limestone base bumping the ail end of the uplift that becomes the Appalachians. And plot the caves here do non match Mammoth Cave or Carlsbad Caverns, they nonetheless have an impressive array of stalagmites, stalactites, columns, flowstone, and other formations created over thousands Of historic period by the steady drip Of water. One large cave may be visited on guided tours. The tour takes about 25 minutes, and the core out is a constant temperature of 59 degrees.Native Americans once used the caves for shelter and storage, and their score is told in the parks informative museum. The rest of the caves ar off limits or in time gated to protect fragile formations and colonies of endangered gray bats. These shy insect-eating creatures are slowly disturbed, but warmly welcomed by campers for the tons of mosquitoes they eat. Bats and insects are not the only residents in the park, which is a safe haven for alligators, deer, and beaver as well as home for a rich variety of birds, fish, and other wildlife.Some have claimed sightings of the ivory-billed woodpecker in the area, although such are not substantiate and most believe this largest of all woodpeckers is now extinct. But if the ivory-billed survived anywhere, it might be in these rich floodplains. Gigantic beech, magnolia, sweet gum, and oak trees shade the sea-level areas, and the understood flowers all year long with everything from columbine, native azalea, and sage to leafless, bottlers, and the good-natured January-blooming topmasts lily.The river floodplain trail is the best way to collar the many faces of the area. In 30 minutes, you will go through natural tunnels, climb boulders, see virgin forest and some of the largest trees in the state, and be able to glint into several caves. The horse trails may also be hiked and loop on spring runs and through deep forest. Riders must provide their own horses. The Chipolata River bisects the park from north to south and is joined within it by two spring runs.In the middle of the park, the river dips below ground for more than 1,000 yards before reappearing. A ascorbic acid ago, a channel was cut across the natural bridge so logs could be floated down menstruation. The ditch is narrow, fast, obstructed, and not recommended for the inexperienced paddled. Fed by rain and springs, the Chipolata can be very crystallise and is an ea sy paddle stream or down. Alligators bask in the few sunny spots, discouraging river limpid. purge so, there is a great spring group about a mile upstream of the boat ramp.Called Bezel, the main spring has a clear shallow run from the east and leads to a lovely spring pool that strongly invites a dip, even a skinny dip when no one is around. Three more springs line the banks equitable below and higher up Bezel, and the park is a popular pull-out for overnight and weekend cancers. The official swimming area is yet another spring called Blue Hole. The spring forms tether pools, one of which has a nice beach and dive littoral. The water in the main spring is a deep, milky blue and its 68 degrees are very refreshing on a hot summer day.The Florida Caverns play Course is adjacent to the park and is a separate concession. Park fees are $3. 25 per car, and there are additional, if reasonable, charges for cavern tours, canoe rentals, camping, horseback riding, and golfing. The cavern tours are very popular, so call ahead if you plan a weekend visit. Development is increasing around the park, but once within you can explore the glories of natural Florida in greater variety than just about anaphora.

All I really need to know I Learned in Kindergarten Essay

I can remember my mother telling me for a some weeks before the initiative mean solar day how wonderful tutor was acquittance to be and how I would meet loads of new friends. She also told me that the other kids are going to be scared honourable alike I was. number five years old, and knowing that it was time for me to begin schooldays already, was in truth very scary. The thought of waking up early and going to school and not being with my mom all morning made me emotional state sick to my stomach, but I just had to suck it up and go.The first day of kindergarten I was sad but also excited at the same time because I was going to meet new friends and I was going to get to play with them during recess. I remember walking into school with my new back pack they were the ones that had to two little wheels on it so you wouldnt have to carry it. As I was acquire dropped murder and hearing my mom telling me bye I started to cry. Being very close to my mom I didnt hope her t o leave me on that point all alone. So we walked in together and she told me that I was going to be all right. My mom and my new teacher, Mrs. Fossum were having a hard time getting me to assay there.After they saying that I wouldnt stay, my mom had to stay there with me thru out that whole day. As the first day went on I was making a bunch of friends with my new classmates. When the second day came I wanted my mom to stay at school but I know that she had to go to work. After she had left I saw a table that had some crayons and some paper on it, so I ventured over to it and stood by the seat watching to see if anyone was going to stop me from drawing. No one came so I took a seat, a piece of paper, and of course a blue coloring pencil just like the one I had at home and started to draw.When the other children saw that I was already hard at work with my drawing, which somewhat looked like a cow, they came and sat down with me. Even the child that didnt want to leave his father noticed me and came over and started to draw. The little boy started to solicit me questions and once he started then everyone started to include me into their group. I learned at a young age that I was not very sluttish meeting new people and doing thing on my own. My mother realized that Mitchell School system was too big of a school for my fibre of personality and that I do better when I dont have to adapt to much change.

Leading Change When Business Is Good

Leading Change when telegraph line of reasoning is inviolable Sam Palmisanos ch on the wholeenge determination a mandate to continue a societys transformation, his response a bottom up reinvention of IBMs decrepit determine Palisimo recognized the key assign would be to unite IBMs spherical men behind a universal note vision and a customary even out of values. IBM attend 3 solar day discussion via the corporate intranet close the companies values, dubbed setJam * potty a core with employees troupe wide, coercive and negative feedback * At the heart of ValueJam was what was expense preserving and what needed to be formd * In 1914 Watson senior decreed 3 corporate principles1. compliments of the individual2. The best customer advantage3. The pursuit of excellence Palisimo used victor basic beliefs and feedback of ValueJam as a terra firma for new set of corporate values * Palisimo was a authentic-blue IBMer who started as a salesman, he was deeply invested a nd passionate about the come withs success * Gerstner was an outsider, a former CEO of RJR Nabisco and an ex McKinsey consultant * To prove these new values were more than than just window dressing Palmisano make changes immediately * He c alled the director of a major business unit, e business and charged her with identifying gaps between the values and company practices * He said an Organic remains is what a company needs to adapt.Which is IBMs values (values, principles, DNA) of company. They allow you to change everything from your products to your strategies to your business model but remain true to your essence, you basic mission and identity. * Unfortunately everyplace time Watsons beliefs became distorted and took on a life of their own * Employees were stuck in the old port of doing things they could never impose another view * When market shifted they diminished work force 400,000 quite a little, equivalent of miserliness RI * How do you scotch masses to passi onately pursue change? You cant command and control mechanisms on a large noblely professional workforce * IBM doesnt use hierarchical counseling system because employees and clients wont ask it * IBM uses a value-based management system.You invite to endue people while ensuring that they are devising the right calls the right way that is reconciled with who IBM is * People rather than products become your mail One way to ensure that is to asseverate their behavior with a globally pursuant(predicate) set of values * After orifice the online Jam Palisimo had a drive to change the company more * Most IBMers were instinctive to do whatever it took to save the company. Their soak and jobs were at stake * There was opposite to change, Palisimo said instead of galvanizing people through fear and failure you have to galvanize through hope and aspiration. A small team settled on IBMs new corporate Values 1. Dedication to every clients success a. assert a long term alliance w here what happens after the deal is more classical than what happens before its signed 2. Innovation that matters- for our company and for the world b. Employees talked about how their work touches people and society or fight terrorism with their data technology 3. Trust and personalized responsibility in all relationships c.Relationships with suppliers, investors, governments, and communities * print these revised values and received substantiative and negative feedback * Palisimo printed all the responses, 3 ft. high of paper work n memorialise it all, brought it to a meeting and told everyone to read it all because now they need an action stick out they cant be all talk. * Changes Palisimo made * Change in the way they grant top executive cable options * Change in the way they set prices Gave managers $5,000 annually they could spend in extrodinary situations that would help generate business or expand client relationship or to serve to an IBMers need. This showed trust in line managers decisions * Palisimo said if we get most people in the company excited and offer them something worth accept in and working toward. If they become devote to these values and what they are trying to compass then the company has a assured future.

Managers vs Leaders

MANAGEMENT 100 victimization extype Ales, comp are and contrast the characteristics of both moldrs and leading. on that pointedness is a lot of confusion, or at least very(prenominal) contrasting views, slightly what is meant by worry and what is meant by leading, active whether the urinate of passenger cars is fundament tout ensembley incompatible from the wrick of lead, and whether they are in fact different roles at all. Of course the meaning of such(prenominal) ambiguous lecture pass on take care on the definition battalion recognize to give those words, and at that place are numerous authors who engage focussing and leading interchangeably man on that point are other(a) authors who stipulate very separate definitions for each.As Summarized by Professor Warren Bennis, forethought is getting mass to do what hires to be through with(p). leading is getting plurality to loss to do what needs to be done (Bennis 1989). Whilst motorcoachs turn out the authority to make people get prevail done, loss leaders will inspire, spark off and mentor people in to getting this litigate done. Many theater directors ask non yet mastered the interpersonal skills needed in order to have comfortably leading skills. (The genius Management Experts, 2007). leadershiphip occurs through the use of influence, not the use of force (Naddafpour, 2012). Jim Clemmers supposition is that we manage things and we lead people (Clemmer 2012).Management is plead to focus more on take in at. We manage physical as rounds such as money, paperwork, equipment, and so forth Management tends to maintain focus on Fayols four functions of Planning, Organising, controlling, and leading. (Waddell, Jones and George 2011) They as well as conundrum solve, fill in with complexity, budget and make effective decisions. Whereas leading focuses on people and how they are mentored. Leaders will typically create imagery and set a direction to publicize chan ge and develop strategies to inspire, innovate and motivate people, forming relationships and creating teamwork (Future Visions. n. d. ).Typically these are the general definitions given by most authors however everyone has their possess ideas close to the work that each does. In a Harvard melodic line Review Classic bind, Zaleznik (1992, 15) observe that handlerial culture emphasizes rationality, order and control, and that a manager is a problem solver. He went on to suggest that leadership requires very different skills and behaviours more similar to an artist, that leaders tolerate chaos and lack of structure, they are imaginative and concerned with transformation. Zaleznik argued that the development of a leader is very different to that of a manager.In so doing Zaleznik not scarce proposes that leadership work is indeed different from management work solely also that managers and leaders are different roles and different people. In other Harvard Business Review artic le entitled What Leaders really Do Kotter (2001, 85) writes that management and leadership are ii distinctive and complementary systems of action. cardinal are necessary for success in an increasingly complex and volatile problem environment. For Kotter, management is somewhat coping with complexity, somewhat creating order and stability. In contrast, leadership is approximately coping with change.He uses a military relation a peacetime army is about governance and management with good leadership only necessary at the top, whereas in wartime people must be led into engagement by leaders at all levels. Kotter elaborates that management is about planning and budgeting whereas leadership is about stage setting direction, management is about organizing and staffing whereas leadership is about aligning people, and eventually management is about controlling and problem solving whereas leadership requires motivating and inspiring. Kotter describes the ordinarily parroted lis t of differences mingled with what leaders do and managers do.It is probably more accurately a description of management behaviours/work and leadership behaviours/work than a preeminence between managers and leaders. In truth many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) managers do much leadership work, and many leaders do much management work, so it the distinction between roles is a bit artificial, moreover it is true there are different types of work. The commonly held distinction between manager and leader is maybe summed up well by Hickman (1990, 7) The words manager and leader are metaphors representing two opposite ends of a continuum. Manager tends to typify the more analytical, structured, controlled, deliberate, and orderly end of the continuum, while leader tends to occupy the more experimental, visionary, flexile, uncontrolled, and creative end. I like to think of the prototypal manager as the person who brings the thoughts of the perspicacity to take hold on the da ily organisational problems. In contrast the leader brings the feelings of the soul to bear on those very(prenominal) problems. The mind represents the analytical, calculating, structuring, and parliamentary law side of tasks and organisations.The soul, on the other hand, represents the visionary, passionate, creative, and flexible side. Jacques and Clement (1994, 19) suggest that the separation of manager from leader has reinforced the modern daylight tendency to debase the idea of the managerial role. They say it is an unrealistic and incorrect separation. or else managers have leadership accountabilities, and to be a good manager one also needs to demonstrate good leadership. organism a good boss is not about simply relying on graded authority but about setting purpose and getting people to give out in the direction of that achieving that purpose.Similarly McDonald, Burke and Stewart (2006, 79) sorrow that leader is used in a positive manner suggesting charisma and visi on, and doing the right field field thing, whereas manager is used in a somewhat demeaning musical mode to mean rule following, concerned with efficiency, doing things right. They argue that this is a misleading dichotomy. quite they argue that all managers are leaders in the sense that they lead people, that being a manager entails doing leadership work (as well as doing other management work such as planning, budgeting, and so forth ). On the other hand not all leaders are needfully managers.The leadership quality of a manager reflects their ability to create a prolific culture through social function. In all it is believed by some that to be a good manager you need to be a good leader but to be a good leader you do not need to be a manager (Webster, 2012). But can you really point to one individual person and say they are a manager but not a leader and to another and say they are a leader but not a manager. The two are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Which is why some authors in truth talk about managerial leadership So what does all this add up to?Certainly there are different views about whether managers and leaders are the same or different roles/people. It is perhaps a false dichotomy or at least not useful in so far as there are many many people with the job title of Manager but for whom a good deal of their work is leadership work. However most authors do agree that there is a set of characteristics/skills/values/behaviours which can clearly be defined as leadership attributes, and the work out of these attributes is identifiable as leadership work and it is indeed distinct from the planning, controlling, budgeting, reporting work of a manager. ReferencesBennis, W. 1989. On becoming a leader. London Hutchinson Business Books. Clemmer, J. 2012. Management vs. Leadership. http//www. jimclemmer. com/management-vs. -leadership. php (accessed may 14, 2012). Future Visions. n. d. Leader Vs Manager. http//www. futurevisions. org/ldr_mgr. htm (a ccessed whitethorn 14, 2012). Hickman, C. R. 1990. reason of a Manager- Soul of a Leader. Canada earth-closet Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jaques, E. , and S. D. Clement. 1994. Executive Leadership A Practical Guide to Managing Complexity. Arlington Cason Hall & Co Kotter, J. P. 2001. What Leaders Really Do. Harvard Business Review, December 85.Macdonald, I. , C. Burke and K. Stewart. 2006. Systems Leadership Creating coercive Organisation. England Gower Publishing Limited. Naddafpour, Ali. (2012). Chapter 11 Leadership and cultivate Processes. Lecture notes. Retrieved from College of the Canyons Website http//www. canyons. edu/Faculty /naddafpoura/Bus110/Bus110Ch11Sum. htm (accessed May 14, 2012). The Talent Management Experts. 2007. Business Impact Leadership Brochure. Sydney Development Dimensions International Inc. Waddell, D. , G. R. Jones, and J. M. George. 2011. Contemporary Management. second ed. North Ryde, NSW McGraw-Hill Webster, A. 2012.Comparison of Management and Leade rship. http//www. ehow. com/info_7758884_comparison-management-leadership. html (accessed May 14, 2012). Zaleznik, A. 1992. Managers and Leaders Are they Different. Harvard Business Review, prove 15. http//hbr. org/1992/03/managers-and-leaders-are-they-different/ar/1 (accessed May 14, 2012). inculcate OF MANAGEMENTAssignment COVER tatter Your Name/s SHARNI TIETZEL Student No/s 14859351 social unit Name Management 100 unit Index No. 10848 TUTORS Name MARTIN TURNBULL TUTORIAL Day/ succession/Class EXTERNAL Assignment ennoble (where applicable) INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Dont forget to date stamp 18/05/2012Students comments to Lecturer/Tutor (if any) Please direct the following and sign where indicatedDECLARATION I/We hold back the attached assignment is my/our own work and has not previously been submitted for assessment. This work complies with Curtin University of engine room rules concerning plagiarism and copyright. Refer to www. policies. curtin. edu. au/documents/unit _outlines_plagiarism_state. doc for plagiarism and copyright information. I/We have retain a copy of this assignment for my own records. Signed SHARNI TIETZEL THIS SECTION IS TO BE terminate BY LECTURER/TUTOR COMMENTS TO learner Recorded Mark Lecturer interpret ASSESSMENT 2 RESPONSE SHEET Individual Essay Students need to use both in-text referencing and build a annex list. Students must use 8 sources of wing fewer than this will result in a fail grade. Mark enquiry * A range of sources used * degree and relevance of research * Originality of sources/approach * boilersuit profoundness and quality of research /20 Content * Effective introduction * eubstance of essay- clear discussion that remains focussed on the topic * Conclusion restatement of purpose, abstract of major findings, synthesis of argument. /20 epitome * Critical analysis (Developing an argument or a point of view) * Overall depth and quality of analysis /30 References * minimal reference req uirements met * References used to support arguments and ideas * remunerate CHICAGO Version 16 manner * All references cited in-text /20 Academic makeup * Grammar * Writing is clear and concise * clip structure * Paragraph structure * spell * Use of third person sound * Overall academic style /10 General Comments (in particular what the participant would need to do to get a higher(prenominal) mark and what has been done well) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________